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Architect Robert Fan Wenzhao and the design of Chung Chi campus

Daqing GU

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2010, Volume 4, Issue 4,   Pages 456-464 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0094-2

Abstract: Among them were those important figures in the modern Chinese architectural history such as Robert FanThis paper tells a story about Robert Fan and his design of the Chung Chi College campus in the 1950sRobert Fan’s concept of campus planning with reference to his early design experience in the mainland

Keywords： Hong Kongβmodern architecture     China’s mainlandβmigrant architects     Robert Fan Wenzhao     Chung Chi College    

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Mesenchymal stem cells and immune disorders: from basic science to clinical transition

Shihua Wang, Rongjia Zhu, Hongling Li, Jing Li, Qin Han, Robert Chunhua Zhao

Frontiers of Medicine 2019, Volume 13, Issue 2,   Pages 138-151 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0627-y

Abstract: As a promising candidate seed cell type in regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted considerable attention. The unique capacity of MSCs to exert a regulatory effect on immunity in an autologous/allergenic manner makes them an attractive therapeutic cell type for immune disorders. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge of and advances in MSCs, including its basic biological properties, i.e., multilineage differentiation, secretome, and immunomodulation. Specifically, on the basis of our previous work, we proposed three new concepts of MSCs, i.e., “subtotipotent stem cell” hypothesis, MSC system, and “Yin and Yang” balance of MSC regulation, which may bring new insights into our understanding of MSCs. Furthermore, we analyzed data from the Clinical Trials database (http://clinicaltrials.gov) on registered clinical trials using MSCs to treat a variety of immune diseases, such as graft-versus-host disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, we highlighted MSC clinical trials in China and discussed the challenges and future directions in the field of MSC clinical application.

Keywords： mesenchymal stem cell     clinical transition     immune disorders    

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Mesenchymal stem cells hold promise for regenerative medicine

Shihua Wang, Xuebin Qu, Robert Chunhua Zhao

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 4,   Pages 372-378 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0164-4

Abstract: Regenerative medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research that uses several technological approaches including stem cells to repair tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a type of adult stem cell, have generated a great amount of interest over the past decade in this field. Numerous studies have explored the role of MSCs in tissue repair and modulation of allogeneic immune responses. The mechanisms through which MSCs exert their therapeutic potential rely on some key properties of the cells as follows: the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, endothelial, and neuronal cells; the ability to secrete multiple bioactive molecules capable of stimulating the recovery of injured cells and inhibiting inflammation; the lack of immunogenicity; and the ability to perform immunomodulatory functions. In the present review, we focus on these three aspects upon which the therapeutic effects of MSCs are mainly based. Furthermore, some pathological conditions under which the application of MSCs should be done with caution are also mentioned.

Keywords： mesenchymal stem cells     differentiation     immunomodulation     regenerative medicine    

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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer: complexity and opportunities

Yun Zhang, Robert A. Weinberg

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 4,   Pages 361-373 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0656-6

Abstract:

The cell-biological program termed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in both development and cancer progression. Depending on the contextual signals and intracellular gene circuits of a particular cell, this program can drive fully epithelial cells to enter into a series of phenotypic states arrayed along the epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypic axis. These cell states display distinctive cellular characteristics, including stemness, invasiveness, drug-resistance and the ability to form metastases at distant organs, and thereby contribute to cancer metastasis and relapse. Currently we still lack a coherent overview of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms inducing cells to enter various states along the epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypic spectrum. An improved understanding of the dynamic and plastic nature of the EMT program has the potential to yield novel therapies targeting this cellular program that may aid in the management of high-grade malignancies.

Keywords： epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition     cancer     metastasis     cancer stem cell    

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Cooling performance of grid-sheets for highly loaded ultra-supercritical steam turbines

Dieter BOHN , Robert KREWINKEL , Shuqing TIAN ,

Frontiers in Energy 2009, Volume 3, Issue 3,   Pages 313-320 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0036-7

Abstract: In order to increase efficiency and achieve a further CO-reduction, the next generation of power plant turbines will have steam turbine inlet temperatures that are considerably higher than the current ones. The high pressure steam turbine inlet temperature is expected to be increased up to approximately 700°C with a live steam pressure of 30MPa. The elevated steam parameters in the high and intermediate pressure turbines can be encountered with Ni-base alloys, but this is a costly alternative associated with many manufacturing difficulties. Collaborative research centre 561 “Thermally Highly Loaded, Porous and Cooled Multi-Layer Systems for Combined Cycle Power Plants” at RWTH Aachen University proposes cooling the highly loaded turbines instead, as this would necessitate the application of far less Ni-base alloys. To protect the thermally highly loaded components, a sandwich material consisting of two thin face sheets and a core made from a woven wire mesh is used to cover the walls of the steam turbine casing. The cooling steam is led through the woven wire mesh between the two face sheets to achieve a cooling effect. The wire mesh provides the grid-sheet with structural rigidity under varying operating conditions.In the present work, the cooling performance of the grid-sheets will be investigated applying the conjugate heat transfer method to ultra-supercritical live and cooling steam conditions for a section of the cooling structure. The behaviour of the flow and the heat transfer in the grid-sheet will be analyzed in detail using a parameter variation. The numerical results should give a first prediction of the cooling performance under future operating conditions.

Keywords： steam turbines     700&     deg     C-technology     numerical inverstigation     cooling    

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Photothermal materials for efficient solar powered steam generation

Fenghua Liu, Yijian Lai, Binyuan Zhao, Robert Bradley, Weiping Wu

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 4,   Pages 636-653 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1824-1

Abstract: Solar powered steam generation is an emerging area in the field of energy harvest and sustainable technologies. The nano-structured photothermal materials are able to harvest energy from the full solar spectrum and convert it to heat with high efficiency. Moreover, the materials and structures for heat management as well as the mass transportation are also brought to the forefront. Several groups have reported their materials and structures as solutions for high performance devices, a few creatively coupled other physical fields with solar energy to achieve even better results. This paper provides a systematic review on the recent developments in photothermal nanomaterial discovery, material selection, structural design and mass/heat management, as well as their applications in seawater desalination and fresh water production from waste water with free solar energy. It also discusses current technical challenges and likely future developments. This article will help to stimulate novel ideas and new designs for the photothermal materials, towards efficient, low cost practical solar-driven clean water production.

Keywords： solar stream generation     plasmonics     porous carbon     photothermal materials     solar energy conversion efficiency     water vapor generation rate    

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The Traveling Wave Reactor: Design and Development Review

John Gilleland, Robert Petroski, Kevan Weaver

Engineering 2016, Volume 2, Issue 1,   Pages 88-96 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.024

Abstract:

The traveling wave reactor (TWR) is a once-through reactor that uses in situ breeding to greatly reduce the need for enrichment and reprocessing. Breeding converts incoming subcritical reload fuel into new critical fuel, allowing a breed-burn wave to propagate. The concept works on the basis that breed-burn waves and the fuel move relative to one another. Thus either the fuel or the waves may move relative to the stationary observer. The most practical embodiments of the TWR involve moving the fuel while keeping the nuclear reactions in one place−sometimes referred to as the standing wave reactor (SWR). TWRs can operate with uranium reload fuels including totally depleted uranium, natural uranium, and low-enriched fuel (e.g., 5.5% 235U and below), which ordinarily would not be critical in a fast spectrum. Spent light water reactor (LWR) fuel may also serve as TWR reload fuel. In each of these cases, very efficient fuel usage and significant reduction of waste volumes are achieved without the need for reprocessing. The ultimate advantages of the TWR are realized when the reload fuel is depleted uranium, where after the startup period, no enrichment facilities are needed to sustain the first reactor and a chain of successor reactors. TerraPower’s conceptual and engineering design and associated technology development activities have been underway since late 2006, with over 50 institutions working in a highly coordinated effort to place the first unit in operation by 2026. This paper summarizes the TWR technology: its development program, its progress, and an analysis of its social and economic benefits.

Keywords： Nuclear energy     Electricity generation     Advanced reactor     Traveling wave reactor     Sustainability    

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Where physics meets chemistry: Thin film deposition from reactive plasmas

Bradley, Robert D. Short

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2016, Volume 10, Issue 4,   Pages 441-458 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1598-7

Abstract: Functionalising surfaces using polymeric thin films is an industrially important field. One technique for achieving nanoscale, controlled surface functionalization is plasma deposition. Plasma deposition has advantages over other surface engineering processes, including that it is solvent free, substrate and geometry independent, and the surface properties of the film can be designed by judicious choice of precursor and plasma conditions. Despite the utility of this method, the mechanisms of plasma polymer growth are generally unknown, and are usually described by chemical (i.e., radical) pathways. In this review, we aim to show that plasma physics drives the chemistry of the plasma phase, and surface-plasma interactions. For example, we show that ionic species can react in the plasma to form larger ions, and also arrive at surfaces with energies greater than 1000 kJ?mol (>10 eV) and thus facilitate surface reactions that have not been taken into account previously. Thus, improving thin film deposition processes requires an understanding of both physical and chemical processes in plasma.

Keywords： thin films     plasma physics     plasma chemistry     functionalization     polymer    

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Three-dimensional numerical modeling of single geocell-reinforced sand

Xiaoming YANG, Jie HAN, Robert L. PARSONS, Dov LESHCHINSKY,

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2010, Volume 4, Issue 2,   Pages 233-240 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0020-7

Abstract: This paper summarizes the development of a three-dimensional numerical model for analyzing single geocell-reinforced soil. In this model, the infill soil was modeled using the Duncan-Chang model, which can simulate non-linearity and stress-dependency of soil. Geocell was modeled using linearly elastic plate elements, which can carry both bending and membrane stresses. A linear interface stress-strain relationship with a Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was adopted to model the interface friction between the geocell wall and the soil. By modeling the geocell and the soil separately, the interaction between the soil and the geocell can be accurately simulated. To verify this model, a plate load test was conducted in the laboratory, in which a 12-cm-thick sand layer reinforced by a single geocell was subjected to a vertical load from a circular steel plate. The load-displacement curves and the horizontal tensile strain of the geocell were recorded during the test. A numerical model was created according to the setup of the load test. The numerical results compared reasonably well with the test data.

Keywords： geosynthetic reinforcement     geocell     numerical model     FLAC3D    

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Fe

Lifeng Zhang, Yifei Song, Weiping Wu, Robert Bradley, Yue Hu, Yi Liu, Shouwu Guo

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 1,   Pages 156-163 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1986-x

Abstract: Unique self-assembled iron(II) molybdenum(IV) oxide (Fe Mo O ) mesoporous hollow spheres have been facilely constructed the bubble-template-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method combined with simple calcination. The compact assembly of small nanoparticles on the surface of the hollow spheres not only provides more active sites for the Fe Mo O , but also benefits the stability of the hollow structure, and thus improved the lithium storage properties of Fe Mo O . The Fe Mo O mesoporous hollow spheres exhibit high initial discharge and charge capacities of 1189 and 997 mA∙h∙g respectively, as well as good long-term cycling stability (866 mA∙h∙g over 70 cycles) when used as a lithium-ion battery anode. This feasible material synthesis strategy will inspire the variation of structural design in other ternary metal molybdates.

Keywords： molybdates     Fe2Mo3O8     hollow spheres     lithium ion batteries     anodes    

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Numerical investigation of the effectiveness of effusion cooling for plane multi-layer systems with different base-materials

Dieter BOHN, Robert KREWINKEL

Frontiers in Energy 2009, Volume 3, Issue 4,   Pages 406-413 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0041-x

Abstract: The investigation is concentrated on a cooling hole geometry with a laterally widened fan-shaped outlet

Keywords： conjugate calculation     effectiveness of effusion cooling     multi-layer systems     CMSX-4     NiAl-FG75    

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Process control factors for continuous microbial perchlorate reduction in the presence of zero-valent iron

ARTHUR Robert D.,TORLAPATI Jagadish,SHIN Kyung-Hee,CHA Daniel K.,YOON Yeomin,SON Ahjeong

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014, Volume 8, Issue 3,   Pages 386-393 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0593-1

Abstract: Process control parameters influencing microbial perchlorate reduction via a flow-through zero-valent iron (ZVI) column reactor were investigated in order to optimize perchlorate removal from water. Mixed perchlorate reducers were obtained from a wastewater treatment plant and inoculated into the reactor without further acclimation. Examined parameters included hydraulic residence time (HRT), pH, nutrients requirement, and perchlorate reduction kinetics. The minimum HRT for the system was concluded to be 8 hr. The removal efficiency of 10 mg·L influent perchlorate concentration was reduced by 20%–80% without control to the neutral pH (HRT= 8 hr). Therefore pH was determined to be an important parameter for microbial perchlorate reduction. Furthermore, a viable alternative to pH buffer was discussed. The microbial perchlorate reduction followed the first order kinetics, with a rate constant ( ) of 0.761 hr . The results from this study will contribute to the implementation of a safe, cost effective, and efficient system for perchlorate reduction to below regulated levels.

Keywords： perchlorate     zero-valent iron (ZVI)     microbial reduction     hydrogen    

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Recent Developments in Functional Crystals in China Review

Jiyang Wang, Haohai Yu, Yicheng Wu, Robert Boughton

Engineering 2015, Volume 1, Issue 2,   Pages 192-210 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015053

Abstract:

Functional crystals are the basic materials for the development of modern science and technology and are playing key roles in the modern information era. In this paper, we review functional crystals in China, including research history, significant achievements, and important applications by highlighting the most recent progress in research. Challenges for the development of functional materials are discussed and possible directions for development are proposed by focusing on potential strengths of these materials.

Keywords： functional materials     laser crystals     nonlinear optical crystals     scintillation crystals     relaxor ferroelectric crystals     semiconductors    

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A Chinese–French Study on Nuclear Energy and the Environment Feature Article

Xiangeng Zhao, Qizhen Ye, Sébastien Candel, Dominique Vignon, Robert Guillaumont

Engineering 2023, Volume 26, Issue 7,   Pages 159-172 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.011

Abstract:

This article focuses on the environmental impact of nuclear energy and addresses the following major environmental issues associated with nuclear power generation: ① controlling the radioactive discharge from nuclear installations under normal operation and evaluating their non-radioactive environmental impact (water withdrawals and non-radioactive discharges); ② long-term management of spent fuel and radioactive waste (radwaste), notably that disposed off in geological repositories; ③ prevention and mitigation of severe nuclear accidents and their radioactive releases and; ④ improving nuclear safety to restrict its environmental impact and to contribute toward the public acceptance of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy, with its very low emissions of green house gases, has a unique capacity to generate massive and on-demand dispatchable amounts of electricity. The annual effective radiation dose delivered to the public surrounding nuclear power plants under normal operation is negligible. Considerable efforts have been made to define sustainable management of high-level long-lived radwaste that is disposed in geological formations. The return of experience from severe nuclear accidents in the past has informed and propelled major improvements in several aspects of nuclear energy production—including reactor design and operational management as well as in the development of accident-management guidelines— and has proved to be highly valuable. The environmental risks in the event of a severe accident have been substantially reduced and protocols have been established to minimize the release of radioactive materials and avoid the large-scale evacuation of people in the event of a severe nuclear accident. Efforts must be continued to improve reactor safety and enhance the transparency of the industry and the authorities that support and control nuclear power to further reduce the environmental impact.

Keywords： Nuclear energy     Environmental impact     Radwaste management     Severe nuclear accidents     Nuclear safety    

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The Deep Carbon Observatory: A Ten-Year Quest to Study Carbon in Earth

Mays, Michelle Hoon-Starr, Robert M. Hazen

Engineering 2019, Volume 5, Issue 3,   Pages 372-378 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.004

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Architect Robert Fan Wenzhao and the design of Chung Chi campus

Daqing GU

Journal Article

Mesenchymal stem cells and immune disorders: from basic science to clinical transition

Shihua Wang, Rongjia Zhu, Hongling Li, Jing Li, Qin Han, Robert Chunhua Zhao

Journal Article

Mesenchymal stem cells hold promise for regenerative medicine

Shihua Wang, Xuebin Qu, Robert Chunhua Zhao

Journal Article

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer: complexity and opportunities

Yun Zhang, Robert A. Weinberg

Journal Article

Cooling performance of grid-sheets for highly loaded ultra-supercritical steam turbines

Dieter BOHN , Robert KREWINKEL , Shuqing TIAN ,

Journal Article

Photothermal materials for efficient solar powered steam generation

Fenghua Liu, Yijian Lai, Binyuan Zhao, Robert Bradley, Weiping Wu

Journal Article

The Traveling Wave Reactor: Design and Development

John Gilleland, Robert Petroski, Kevan Weaver

Journal Article

Where physics meets chemistry: Thin film deposition from reactive plasmas

Bradley, Robert D. Short

Journal Article

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of single geocell-reinforced sand

Xiaoming YANG, Jie HAN, Robert L. PARSONS, Dov LESHCHINSKY,

Journal Article

Fe

Lifeng Zhang, Yifei Song, Weiping Wu, Robert Bradley, Yue Hu, Yi Liu, Shouwu Guo

Journal Article

Numerical investigation of the effectiveness of effusion cooling for plane multi-layer systems with different base-materials

Dieter BOHN, Robert KREWINKEL

Journal Article

Process control factors for continuous microbial perchlorate reduction in the presence of zero-valent iron

ARTHUR Robert D.,TORLAPATI Jagadish,SHIN Kyung-Hee,CHA Daniel K.,YOON Yeomin,SON Ahjeong

Journal Article

Recent Developments in Functional Crystals in China

Jiyang Wang, Haohai Yu, Yicheng Wu, Robert Boughton

Journal Article

A Chinese–French Study on Nuclear Energy and the Environment

Xiangeng Zhao, Qizhen Ye, Sébastien Candel, Dominique Vignon, Robert Guillaumont

Journal Article

The Deep Carbon Observatory: A Ten-Year Quest to Study Carbon in Earth

Mays, Michelle Hoon-Starr, Robert M. Hazen

Journal Article